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Understanding Kratom
To comprehend the potential effects of kratom on the kidneys, it's important to first understand what kratom is and its popularity among users.
What is Kratom?
Kratom is a tropical evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia. It belongs to the coffee family and is scientifically known as Mitragyna speciosa. In the United States, kratom has gained popularity for its opioid-like properties and effects on pain control. It is often used for pain relief, recreation, and self-treatment of opioid use disorder [1].
Kratom leaves contain compounds called alkaloids, with mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine being the main active alkaloids. These alkaloids interact with opioid receptors in the brain, producing effects that are similar to opioids, such as pain relief and sedation. Kratom is available in various forms, including powdered leaves, capsules, and extracts.
Kratom Use and Popularity
The use of kratom has gained significant popularity in the United States. It is estimated that between 10 to 16 million people in the U.S. have used kratom, though prevalence rates may be higher than reported due to underestimation in national representative surveys. Kratom can be obtained over-the-counter in the U.S., and its availability has contributed to its widespread use.
It is important to note that while kratom is not considered a controlled substance by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), it has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical use [1]. However, state regulations or prohibitions may exist regarding its possession and use. It is crucial to familiarize oneself with the legal status of kratom in their respective location.
Despite its popularity, concerns about the safety and potential negative health effects of kratom have been raised. Reports have associated kratom use with severe health issues, including kidney failure, liver damage, breathing issues, seizures, coma, and even death [3]. These reports highlight the need for caution and further investigation into the potential risks associated with kratom use.
Understanding what kratom is and its popularity provides a foundation for exploring the potential health risks and effects associated with its use, including its impact on kidney function.
Potential Health Risks of Kratom
Kratom, a tree native to Southeast Asia, has gained popularity in the United States due to its opioid-like properties and potential effects on pain control. However, it's important to be aware of the potential health risks associated with kratom use. This section will explore the reported toxic effects of kratom as well as its impact on kidney function.
Reported Toxic Effects
Various types of toxicity have been reported in relation to kratom use. One specific concern is the occurrence of kratom-induced hyperkalemia, which refers to an elevated level of potassium in the blood. A case study published in PubMed Central described a 61-year-old patient with no significant medical history who experienced kratom-induced hyperkalemia. The patient's potassium level eventually returned to normal after discontinuing kratom use.
Kratom and Kidney Function
The exact mechanism by which kratom induces hyperkalemia is still not fully understood. While studies have demonstrated that kratom can block potassium channels in cultured bovine cells, potentially exerting toxic effects on the heart, no studies have specifically examined the effects of kratom at the kidney level [1].
Additionally, long-term and heavy kratom use has been associated with kidney failure. Regular consumption of kratom over an average period of 11 years has shown suggestive signs of kidney failure, believed to occur after the liver becomes compromised and unable to remove toxins from the body. Symptoms of kidney failure typically manifest after approximately 1 to 8 weeks of severe kratom use [4].
It's important to note that responsible levels of kratom use are not known to pose a high risk of kidney failure. Kidney damage is more likely to occur in individuals who regularly abuse kratom, as kidney failure often follows liver dysfunction.
Understanding the potential risks associated with kratom use is crucial in making informed decisions about its consumption. If you choose to use kratom, it is recommended to do so responsibly and in moderation. It's also important to be aware of any changes in your health and to seek medical attention if you experience any concerning symptoms.
Kratom and Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia, an elevated level of potassium in the blood, has been reported in association with kratom use. Although the exact mechanism by which kratom induces hyperkalemia is yet to be fully understood, there have been documented cases highlighting this potential health concern.
Case Study: Kratom-Induced Hyperkalemia
In a case study, a 61-year-old patient with no significant past medical history experienced kratom-induced hyperkalemia. The patient's potassium levels were observed to be elevated, but eventually normalized after discontinuing kratom use. This case serves as an important example of the potential impact of kratom on potassium levels within the body.
Mechanism of Kratom-Induced Hyperkalemia
The exact mechanism by which kratom induces hyperkalemia is not yet fully understood. Studies have shown that kratom can block potassium channels in cultured bovine cells, which may contribute to its toxic effects on the heart. However, the effects of kratom on kidney function have not been extensively studied [1].
It is important to note that the direct effects of kratom on the kidneys are not well recognized. While kratom-induced liver toxicity is a commonly reported side effect, its impact on potassium homeostasis and whether it is kidney-mediated or not remains unclear. Further research is necessary to better understand the precise mechanism of kratom-induced hyperkalemia and its implications for renal physiology [1].
As with any substance, it is crucial to be aware of potential health risks associated with kratom use. If you have concerns about the impact of kratom on your kidney function, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.
Kidney Failure and Kratom
Kratom, a substance gaining popularity for various reasons, can potentially pose risks to kidney health when used inappropriately and excessively. Long-term and heavy use of kratom has been associated with kidney failure, although responsible levels of kratom use are not known to have a high risk of kidney failure. Kidney damage is more likely to occur in individuals abusing the substance regularly, particularly when the liver becomes compromised and unable to remove toxins from the body [4].
Long-Term Kratom Use and Kidney Failure
Regular consumption of kratom over an average period of 11 years has shown suggestive signs of kidney failure. This condition is believed to occur after the liver becomes compromised and unable to effectively eliminate toxins from the body. Kidney failure symptoms typically appear after about 1-8 weeks of severe kratom use [4].
It's important to note that responsible levels of kratom use are not typically associated with a high risk of kidney failure. However, kidney damage becomes more likely when individuals abuse kratom regularly, as kidney failure often occurs subsequent to liver dysfunction.
Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Failure
The signs and symptoms of kidney failure associated with kratom use can manifest after long-term and heavy consumption. These symptoms often start with liver dysfunction, which can be indicated by bright yellow urine. Severe cases may also involve colon ruptures due to slowed bowel movements resulting from kratom intake [4].
If you suspect any kidney-related issues or experience symptoms such as decreased urine output, swelling in the legs or ankles, fatigue, nausea, or confusion, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
Understanding the potential risks of kidney failure associated with kratom use is crucial for making informed decisions about its consumption. It is always advisable to use any substance responsibly and in moderation to prioritize your health and well-being.
Other Potential Health Effects of Kratom
While kratom is primarily known for its potential health risks and controversies, it is important to explore other potential health effects associated with its use. These include various side effects and the potential for liver damage.
Side Effects of Kratom Use
Kratom has been associated with a range of side effects that may vary in severity from person to person. Some common side effects reported by individuals using kratom include a loss of appetite, constipation, and bodily irritation or inflammation, such as reddish-purple cheeks. Feelings of itchiness, sweatiness, or irritation have also been reported [4].
The loss of appetite caused by kratom consumption can result in highly restrictive calorie intake, which may negatively affect organs and other body parts requiring nutrients for proper function [4]. Additionally, kratom can slow bowel movements, leading to constipation and painful, harder stools. In severe cases, this can even result in colon ruptures, highlighting the gastrointestinal risks associated with kratom use.
Kratom and Liver Damage
Liver damage is another potential health concern associated with kratom use. The exact mechanisms by which kratom may cause liver damage are not yet fully understood. However, cases of liver toxicity, indicated by yellowing of urine and skin, have been reported. It is important to note that the occurrence of liver damage from kratom appears to be rare, but it is a serious concern that should not be overlooked.
As with any substance, it is essential to be aware of the potential side effects and risks associated with kratom use. If you experience any adverse effects or concerns, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for further guidance.
In the next section, we will delve into the link between long-term kratom use and kidney failure, shedding light on the potential risks that individuals should be aware of.
Responsible Kratom Use
When it comes to using kratom, responsible usage is essential to minimize potential risks and promote overall well-being. This section will cover the recommended dosages for kratom and the risks associated with heavy and prolonged use.
Recommended Dosages
The optimal dosage of kratom can vary depending on various factors, including individual tolerance, body weight, and desired effects. For first-time users, it is recommended to start with a dosage of two to four grams of kratom. If the desired effects are not felt within 20 to 30 minutes, an additional gram or two can be taken. However, it is crucial to avoid taking a high dose right away, as it may lead to unpleasant side effects such as nausea and stomach discomfort.
To maintain safe and responsible kratom use, it is advisable for beginners to consume kratom with a minimum 12-hour gap between doses and not exceed two doses per day. Experienced users, on the other hand, should have a 6-hour gap between doses and not exceed three doses per day. Taking kratom more frequently can potentially lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms.
Risks of Heavy and Prolonged Kratom Use
While kratom can offer potential benefits, it is crucial to be aware of the risks associated with heavy and prolonged use. Using kratom in excessive amounts or for an extended period can increase the likelihood of developing tolerance, dependence, and addiction. Continued and escalating use of kratom may lead to withdrawal symptoms when attempting to reduce or stop its usage.
It is important to note that the long-term effects of heavy and prolonged kratom use are still being studied. However, existing research suggests that prolonged kratom use may have adverse effects on various aspects of health, including liver function.
To mitigate the potential risks associated with kratom use, it is crucial to adhere to the recommended dosages and avoid excessive consumption. Monitoring your kratom intake and being mindful of your body's response can help prevent the development of dependence and minimize the potential for adverse effects.
Responsible kratom use involves using kratom in moderation, respecting dosage guidelines, and being aware of any changes in your physical and mental well-being. If you have any concerns or questions about kratom usage, it is always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance and support.
The Controversy Surrounding Kratom
Kratom, a substance derived from the leaves of the Mitragyna speciosa tree, has become a topic of controversy due to its potential health risks and regulatory status. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved kratom for any medical use, and it is not considered a controlled substance by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) [1]. However, it is important to note that there may be state regulations or prohibitions against its possession and use.
FDA and DEA Regulations
The FDA has expressed concerns about the safety and potential risks associated with kratom use. They have issued warnings regarding the potential for addiction, abuse, and dependence. The FDA has also raised concerns about the lack of standardized manufacturing practices and the potential for contamination with harmful substances.
While the DEA has not classified kratom as a controlled substance, they have considered it for scheduling in the past. However, due to public backlash and an outpouring of support for kratom from advocates, the DEA withdrew its intent to schedule kratom in 2016. The regulatory status of kratom remains a point of contention, with ongoing debate and discussions about its safety and legality.
Kratom-Related Health Concerns
The use of kratom has been associated with various health concerns. Reports suggest that kratom use may lead to severe health issues such as kidney failure, liver damage, breathing issues, seizures, coma, and even death. Between July 2016 and December 2017, kratom was involved in at least 91 overdose fatalities, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Moreover, there have been reports of kratom use resulting in withdrawal symptoms in infants, indicating the potential transmission of kratom from mother to child through placenta or breast milk [3]. These concerns raise significant questions about the safety and potential negative impact of kratom on health.
Given the controversial nature of kratom and the potential risks associated with its use, it is important for individuals to be aware of the current regulatory landscape and make informed decisions about its use. It is recommended to consult with healthcare professionals and stay updated on the latest research and regulatory developments regarding kratom.
Promising Benefits of Kratom
While there are concerns and potential risks associated with kratom use, it's important to acknowledge that this plant has been traditionally used for various purposes. Here, we explore some of the potential benefits of kratom.
Analgesic and Pain-Relieving Effects
Kratom has been recognized for its analgesic properties and pain-relieving effects. The primary alkaloids in kratom, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, interact with opioid receptors as partial agonists. This interaction provides pain relief without leading to significant respiratory depression, as seen with classical opioids [2].
The analgesic effects of kratom are believed to be mediated through the inhibition of pain transduction and the modulation of pain perception. The alkaloids present in kratom, such as mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, have shown analgesic activity and the ability to inhibit pain transduction processes.
Kratom's Potential Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects
Studies have suggested that kratom exhibits potential neuroprotective effects. It has been found to regulate gene expression, including the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, kratom has shown the ability to modulate the expression of α-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson's disease. These findings indicate potential neuroprotective properties of kratom.
Kratom also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the release of proinflammatory mediators and regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This anti-inflammatory activity may contribute to the potential benefits of kratom in managing inflammatory conditions.
It's important to note that further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and potential benefits of kratom. While these findings suggest promising effects, it's crucial to approach kratom use responsibly and be aware of potential risks and adverse effects.
As with any substance, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using kratom, especially if you have pre-existing medical conditions or are taking any medications.
References
[1]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9093675/
[2]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8924421/
[3]: https://www.apotheca.org/blog/how-much-kratom-should-i-take
[4]: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/kratom
[5]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10648626/
