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Understanding Marijuana Use
Marijuana use has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, with a significant number of individuals partaking in its consumption. It is important to assess the potential harms associated with marijuana use to make informed decisions. This section will explore the statistics on marijuana consumption and delve into the short-term effects of marijuana.
Statistics on Marijuana Consumption
In 2021, approximately 35.4% of young adults aged 18 to 25 (11.8 million people) reported using marijuana in the past year, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Additionally, in 2022, 30.7% of 12th graders reported using marijuana in the past year, with 6.3% reporting daily use.
These statistics highlight the widespread use of marijuana among different age groups. It is crucial to understand the potential consequences and effects associated with its consumption.
Short-Term Effects of Marijuana
Marijuana can have various short-term effects on an individual's physical and mental well-being. The immediate physical effects of cannabis can include red eyes, an increased heart rate (which can be risky for individuals with heart conditions), a drop in blood pressure (leading to fainting), and light-headedness, as noted by the Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit.
Cannabis also has the potential to alter perception of time and space, impacting coordination, thinking, concentration, problem-solving, and memory. The effects may vary from person to person, ranging from feelings of well-being, relaxation, and heightened senses, to confusion, anxiety, panic attacks, fearfulness, paranoia, and delusions.
The onset and duration of these effects depend on the method of consumption. When inhaled, cannabis can take seconds to minutes to take effect, peaking within 30 minutes and lasting up to 6 hours, with residual effects lasting up to 24 hours. When consumed orally, the effects take longer to manifest (30 minutes to 2 hours), peak within 4 hours, and can last up to 12 hours, with residual effects lasting up to 24 hours. Other methods, such as tinctures or sprays under the tongue or cheek, can take 15 minutes to 2 hours to be absorbed, with effects lasting for 2 to 6 hours and residual effects up to 24 hours [1].
Understanding the short-term effects of marijuana is essential for individuals considering its use. It is important to make informed decisions based on personal health, safety, and individual circumstances.
Long-Term Effects of Marijuana
When assessing the potential harms of marijuana, it's essential to consider the long-term effects it can have on an individual's cognitive functions and mental health. These effects highlight some of the risks associated with prolonged and heavy marijuana use.
Cognitive Impairments
Research has shown that marijuana use may impair thinking, memory, and learning functions, as well as affect the brain's ability to build connections between the areas necessary for these functions [2]. A study demonstrated that individuals who started smoking marijuana heavily in their teens and had an ongoing marijuana use disorder experienced a decline in IQ points. On average, they lost about 8 IQ points between ages 13 and 38 [2].
Mental Health Risks
Marijuana use is associated with an increased risk of mental health disorders and symptoms. Individuals who use marijuana, particularly at an early age and more frequently, are at a higher risk of experiencing temporary psychosis, hallucinations, paranoia, and long-lasting mental disorders such as schizophrenia.
Furthermore, marijuana use has been linked to an increased risk of depression, social anxiety, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and suicide. While the exact relationship between marijuana use and mental health disorders is complex and not fully understood, evidence suggests that the use of marijuana can exacerbate symptoms and contribute to the development of these conditions.
It is important to note that the risks associated with cognitive impairments and mental health disorders may vary depending on factors such as the frequency and duration of marijuana use, the potency of the marijuana used, and individual susceptibility. However, these potential long-term effects highlight the importance of considering the potential harms of marijuana use on cognitive function and mental well-being.
Addiction and Dependency
Marijuana use can lead to addiction and dependency, affecting individuals both mentally and physically. Understanding the potential risks associated with substance use disorder and withdrawal symptoms is crucial for assessing the harms of marijuana.
Substance Use Disorder
Substance use disorder (SUD) refers to a condition where an individual becomes dependent on a substance and experiences negative consequences as a result of their drug use. In the case of marijuana, approximately 5% of individuals who reported using marijuana within the past year struggled with cannabis use disorder, indicating addiction to marijuana [4]. This translates to around 14.2 million Americans who may be grappling with marijuana addiction.
It's important to note that the risk of developing a marijuana use disorder is higher for individuals who start using the drug before the age of 18. They may be 4–7 times more likely than adults to develop a marijuana use disorder. This highlights the significance of early intervention and prevention efforts in addressing problematic marijuana use.
Withdrawal Symptoms
Chronic and frequent use of marijuana can lead to physical dependence, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when the usage is stopped. These symptoms typically peak within the first week after quitting and can persist for up to two weeks. Common withdrawal symptoms associated with marijuana cessation include:
- Irritability
- Sleep difficulties
- Decreased appetite
- Cravings
- Mood swings
These symptoms can significantly impact an individual's well-being and may contribute to challenges in quitting or reducing marijuana use [4].
Understanding the potential for addiction and withdrawal symptoms associated with marijuana is crucial for individuals considering or currently using the drug. It is worth noting that while not everyone who uses marijuana will develop a substance use disorder, the risk exists for a significant proportion of users. Seeking professional help, such as rehabilitation programs or counseling, can be beneficial for those struggling with marijuana addiction and dependency.
Medical Uses of Marijuana
While there are concerns surrounding the potential harms of marijuana, it's important to recognize that there are also medical uses for this plant. Marijuana has been studied for its potential benefits in various therapeutic applications. In this section, we will explore two of the medical uses of marijuana: pain management and antiemetic effects.
Pain Management
One of the well-established medical uses of marijuana is its ability to alleviate chronic pain in adults. There is substantial evidence supporting the effectiveness of cannabis as a treatment for chronic pain. The cannabinoids present in marijuana interact with the body's endocannabinoid system, which plays a role in regulating pain perception. By activating certain receptors in the brain and peripheral nervous system, marijuana can help reduce pain sensations.
Marijuana has been found to be particularly useful in managing neuropathic pain, which is often challenging to treat with traditional medications. Additionally, it may also provide relief for conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis.
Antiemetic Effects
Another medical use of marijuana is its ability to combat nausea and vomiting, particularly in individuals undergoing chemotherapy. There is conclusive evidence supporting the effectiveness of oral cannabinoids in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting [5]. The cannabinoids in marijuana, such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have been found to have antiemetic properties, helping to reduce the severity and frequency of nausea and vomiting.
By activating specific receptors in the brain that are involved in regulating nausea and vomiting, marijuana can provide relief for individuals undergoing chemotherapy. This can improve their quality of life and make the treatment process more tolerable.
It's important to note that while there is evidence supporting the medical use of marijuana for pain management and antiemetic effects, the effectiveness may vary depending on the individual and the specific condition being treated. Additionally, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide guidance on the appropriate use and dosage of marijuana for medical purposes.
While marijuana may have potential medical benefits, it's essential to balance these with the potential risks and drawbacks associated with its use. Further research is needed to fully understand the efficacy and safety of marijuana as a medical treatment for various conditions.
Impact on Brain Development
When it comes to marijuana use, one area of concern is its impact on brain development, particularly during adolescence. Research has shown that regular marijuana use during this crucial period can have adverse effects on brain structure and cognitive function.
Adolescent Use Effects
Studies have indicated that individuals who engage in heavy marijuana use during their teenage years may experience long-term consequences. A study published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse found that those who developed a marijuana use disorder in their teens and continued heavy use lost an average of 8 IQ points between ages 13 and 38 [2]. This indicates potential cognitive decline associated with marijuana use during adolescence.
Furthermore, long-term exposure to marijuana during brain development can lead to structural alterations in certain brain regions. The hippocampus, for example, has been found to be particularly susceptible in animal studies, with adverse changes occurring as a result of prolonged marijuana exposure.
Cognitive Function Impairments
Marijuana use has been associated with functional impairments in cognitive abilities. The severity and duration of these impairments can vary based on factors such as age of initiation, frequency of use, and duration of use [6].
Research has shown that regular marijuana use, particularly during adolescence, can result in altered brain connectivity and reduced volume in areas related to memory, learning, and impulse control. These changes may have lasting effects on cognitive function.
A study published in the NCBI highlighted the various cognitive functions that can be impaired by cannabis use, including motor coordination, planning, problem-solving, decision-making, memory, and emotional control. The extent of these impairments depends on factors such as the quantity, recency, age of onset, and duration of marijuana use.
It's important to note that the effects of marijuana on brain development are particularly significant during adolescence, a period of ongoing brain maturation. This emphasizes the need for caution and awareness when considering marijuana use, especially among individuals in this age group.
Public Health Concerns
When it comes to assessing the potential harms of marijuana, there are several public health concerns that need to be considered. Two significant areas of concern are the association between marijuana use and psychotic disorders, as well as the link between marijuana use and depression, along with suicidal thoughts.
Psychotic Disorders
Marijuana use has been associated with an increased risk of experiencing temporary psychosis, hallucinations, paranoia, and long-lasting mental disorders like schizophrenia. The risk is elevated for individuals who start using marijuana at an early age and use it more frequently [3]. Cannabis use has been linked to earlier onset of psychotic disorders in individuals with genetic risk factors for conditions like schizophrenia. It can also exacerbate symptoms in those already affected by these conditions.
While the evidence is not as consistent, other mental illnesses, self-harm behaviors, and suicidal thoughts have also been associated with cannabis use [8]. Factors such as the amount and frequency of cannabis consumption, potency of the product, type of cannabis used, and age at first use can influence the relationship between cannabis use and mental health outcomes. Genetic predispositions, trauma, and stress also play a role in both mental health conditions and drug use patterns, including cannabis use [8].
Depression and Suicidal Thoughts
Marijuana use has also been associated with an increased risk of depression and social anxiety. Research indicates an increased risk of depression in individuals who used cannabis during adolescence. Furthermore, there is evidence linking cannabis use to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly among teenagers and military veterans in the United States [8]. However, it's important to note that the relationship between cannabis use and depression or suicidal thoughts is complex, and additional research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying this association.
It's worth emphasizing that factors such as individual variability, genetic predispositions, and environmental influences play a role in determining the impact of marijuana use on mental health outcomes. The amount and frequency of cannabis consumption, as well as other risk factors, should be taken into consideration when assessing the potential risks.
Understanding the potential harms associated with marijuana use is essential for individuals to make informed decisions about their health. If you have concerns about marijuana use and its impact on mental health, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or seek support from organizations specializing in substance use and mental health.
References
[2]: https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/cannabis-marijuana
[3]: https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab/long-term-effects
